Jesus And The Anorexic Suicidal Supermodels :: essays research papers

Jesus and the Anorexic Suicidal Supermodels     The family unit is one of the most cherished institutions of Americansociety. Its break away is one of philanthropy, to raise Americas children inaccordance with our accepted norms and various proscriptions and prescriptions.     However, rising teenage pregnancy and juvenile crime seem to indicatethat the American family is not doing this. galore(postnominal) Americans insist that a familyis capable of producing a productive citizen in every instance and believe thatonly a traditional family can do this.     So the conclusion one might draw baring in mind this paradigm is thatthe traditional one mom and one dad family needfully help as a function. Any PatRobertson-fearing Republican will tell you that Judeo-Christian ethics are thefoundation upon which the family is based, therefore to help the family wherefore notfoster these religious ideals? (And while were at it, why not make acontribution to the two billion dollar tax-free Christian Broadcasting Network?)     The manifest function here of religion is to provide people with aunifying belief that will scare kids into behaving so they do not go to Hell.The latent function is that it is a slap in the face to every Easterner who hasconducted themselves in a productive and positive manner. Many of the Christianright I am sure do not realize how offensive the notion is that Christianity isthe only trust to recognize that killing and take are bad.     What exactly are the "norms" that are so exclusive to Christianity? TheChristian world is more afflicted with crime than Singapore ever will be, bonnietake a walk through the super Catholic ghettos of Buenos Aires.     I personally believe that the break from moral traditions does not exist.The vast majority of American youth hold murder and violence to be aproscription, and so do thei r families whether they consist of two moms or twodads or one of each. for sure poverty has created a problem to compliment thestress placed on those growing up in single parent families, and perhaps here iswhere faith belongs. If people can just have something to believe in, to liftup their spirits, perhaps the dread of daily life would not seem so awesome forthose it depresses, and here I speak not only of inner cities, I speak of thedozens of people I know who have to be on prozac to have the will to wake up inthe morning, I speak of the countless multitudes of young women who purposelyvomit because they feel they have no control over their lives or because they

The Rastafarian Movement :: essays research papers fc

The Rastafarian Movement Since its founding in the 1930s, the Rastafarian movement has grown to the point where it has become a major cultural and political force in Jamaica. During its existence, the movement has challenged Jamaicas neo-colonialist societys attempts to keep whites at the top and blacks at the bottom of the socio-economic structure.Because of its controversial actions, the movement has evoked responses from observers that cathode-ray oscilloscope from "hostility" to "curiosity" (Forsythe 63). On one hand, Rastafarians have been criticized because of their belief that Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia, is God and that marijuana (ganja) should be used as a sacred sacrament. On the other hand, the Rastafari have been praised for their continual resistance to and confrontation with oppression, racism, and the exploitation of the poor and underprivileged (Campbell 1).Unfortunately, most early studies of the Rastafarian movement create a r eprobate image of the group. Jamaicas national newspaper, the Daily Gleaners, anti-Rastafarian perspective led m each to conclude that the Rastafarians were Black Marxist "racists" whose "criminality" was linked to drug-addiction. As an example of the distorted image, Morris stated the followingThey are vehement in their attacks on the government, the white man, imperialism and Christianity, and their eloquence is touched by that naivete which derives...from an almost total ignorance of the world, economic affairs, and any sense of history. This is not to say that they do not have a cause it is simply to state that whatever case they may have, they parody it with their queer speech, dress and behaviour. (89)Despite the often negative image projected in the press and other writings, the Rastafarian movement has grown at a quick rate. In 1977, an estimated 75,000 native Jamaicans were followers of Rastafari (Davis and Simon, Reggae Bloodlines, 63). By 1988, Barrett c onservatively calculated the membership of the worldwide movement to be 300,000 (2). Forsythe observed that Rastafarianism "represents a growing force wherever sizable West Indian communities are found--in Britain, Canada, the USA and in the Caribbean" (63).There are several possible explanations for the rapid growth of Rastafari. One major cistron in its expansion was the emergence in the late 1960s of reggae music, a derivative of American rhythm and blues and Jamaican ska. Reggae helped spread the philosophy of Rastafari to the wider Jamaican audience and the world. During that period of time, Bob Marley and the Wailers were the principal popularizers of reggae.

Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice :: essays research papers

As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for different women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens movement that Constance Backhouse depicted in her apply Petticoats and Prejudice. After reading this book all man ought to be ashamed of being small-arm of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the 19th century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had end-to-end their lives are something that nobody would want to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is preferably simple to see that Canada was one of the most submit countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas of equality t hroughout the years in that location will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives ready and finespun examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of society reflected the legal system, and fault versa. There were several issues that were discussed in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their fight for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of ho w the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every aspect of a teen girls life, including picking a husband for her. The legal system at this time barely encouraged this type of action and supported these types of cause imbalances. The book then flows into the section of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would be the difficult clock women had in trying to get guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice essays research papers As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for other women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens movement that Constance Backhouse depicted in her book Petticoats and Prejudice. After reading this book all man ought to be ashamed of being part of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the 19th century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had throughout their lives are something that nobody would want to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is quite simple to see that Canada was one of the most advance countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas of equality throughout the years there will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives clear and precise examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of society reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discussed in the book, includin g abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their fight for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of how the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every aspect of a young girls life, including picking a husband for her. The legal system at this time simply encouraged this type of action and supported these types of power imbalances. The book then flows into the section of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would be the difficult times w omen had in trying to get guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.

A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

A View From The BridgeArthur Miller clearly uses different aspects of his play A view fromthe bridge to create dramatic tension. His central character Eddie isthe person around who has a great deal of conflict revolving aroundhim. He creates a lot of tensions and each scene of conflict becomesstronger than one before.He lives with his wife and her niece Catherine. Eddie is veryprotective of Catherine and wants her to get a good education. He alsoseems to be in love with Catherine but refuses to face this fact atany stage in the play even when Beatrice, his wife, points it out tohim clearly.We also witness Eddies verbal conflict with all the characters atsome point throughout the play. Other aspect is how the othercharacters feel concerned about him. There is a scene of unease as wesee how Catherine and Beatrice are unsure about how he allow react whenhe is told about Catherines job. As we agnise Catherine is deeplyinfluenced by Eddie and does everything he wants and Beatrice warnsh er not to act like a child in front of Eddie.The introduction of two foreign characters from Italy( Marco andRodolpho) to this working tell environment of New York creates a good deal of the conflict and tension in the play.Rodolpho is not married, good looking, lively and able to gaininterest easily, in fact Catherine seems to have been immediatelyattracted to him. He dreams of being rich and returning to Italy witha monocycle. So Catherine falls in love with him and as soon as theybegin to date Eddie gets very annoyed, as he is very possessive. Heobjects to the relationships between Catherine and Rodolpho because heis secretly but very jealous.Tension increases in conduct One as Catherine boasts to Eddie thatRodolpho has been to Africa. Eddie and Marco describe their travels onfishing boats and Beatrice asks why they have to go out on boats tofish so Marco tells her that the only fish she will catch from thebeach are sardines. Audience see that Catherine and Beatricecontemplate about the thought of sardines in the ocean. Catherinethinks the idea of sardines in the ocean is as strange as oranges on atree. Eddie agrees with Catherine and makes weird announcement sayingthat he heard about painting oranges to make them look orange becausethey grew green on the tree. It sounds graspable for us thatRodolpho disagrees with Eddies thoughts about the oranges andBeatrice feeling some kind of conflict coming up quickly diverts it by

What Is Religion Essay -- essays research papers

What Is righteousness     What is religion? According to an Oxford dictionary, religion is thebelief in the existence of a supernatural public opinion power, the creator andcontroller of the universe, who has given to man a spirtual nature whichcontinues to exist after the death of the body. Religion appears to be a simpleidea on the surface, but in reality it is a very complex system of ideas thatmany base their lives upon.     There are many religions in the world. Christianity seems to be the unrivaledreligion believed widely in the modern world. However, this is not the case ina group of five people in a World Religion class. These five people sharecommon knowledge on several aspects of religion, yet they baffle some majorconflicts. The focus of this paper is to explore the ideas and beliefs of thegroup, give out the importance of religions dialogue, and to discuss thechallenge of religious pluralism in the contemporary world. &nb sp   The first group member states her firm Christian views. Melissarecognizes all the religions of the world, but she holds Christanity to be theonly true religion. To her, Christianity is the only way whizz person wad clearsalvation. All other religions are false and those who do not equalChristanity are misguided and will not attain salvation. It is only throughJesus Christs death on the cross that one can repent, be forgiven, and attainsalvation.     Melissa feels that others who are non-Christians believe that theirreligion is true. Afterall everyone is brought up to believe in the faith orreligion they are taught. If this was not the case, no one would have anybeliefs. Although their religions are not true religions Melissa respects theirviews of being true.     Quite similar to Melissas opinion, Jason feels that there is only onetrue religion in the world, which is Christianity. However, he recognizes thatthere are many other religions in the world in which their followers believe aretrue. He does not believe that one should criticize others for their beliefs,and that they should respect each persons beliefs even if they are differentfrom his.     For Jason, Christianity is the true religion. It is the only religionthat he believes Has the right answers for... ...eciallyif their views do not necessarily watch with someone elses views. We thinktrying to understand different religions takes compassion and understanding.Often, people fear the "unknown."      So, another way to meet the challenge of religious pluralism is througheducation. spate can learn about different religions and respect the diversitythat exists. Further, to help understand a different religion, our group thinksthat going to check out different religion services will give people personalexperience of that different faith. People do not have to feel they have to get into the other religion, but going to visit another service will broaden theirhorizons. We believe that if society can respect the religious diversity in theworld, the challenge of relgious pluralism can be met. W.C. Smith says it best,"Unless men can learn to understand and to be loyal to each other acrossreligious frontiers, unless we can build a world in which people profoundly ofdifferent faiths can live together and work together, then the prospects for ourplanets future are not bright" ("The Christian in a Religiously Plural World"11).

Fight Club: A Battle Between Humanity and Capitalism Essay -- Palahniu

Within the past few millennia, people admit socially evolved away from the aggressive, deep-rooted nature they have been biologically programmed over the past million years to feel (Palahniuk 4). While most have embraced this approach, whether it be through religion or other means, umpteen people, mostly men, feel this suppression is unhealthy and unnatural. Chuck Palahniuks promote Club, a transgressional piece of fiction, was set in a world of parental abandonment, womanly men, and impair political and corporate practices, a dark, nameless city in modern day America (Palahniuk 28). This setting allows for the author to provide a stark equivalence over what we have become as a nation compared to what we should be, a nation of self-respecting people with a lack of value on bourgeois things, and a push towards Buddhist principles (Reed). Fight Club is about how feminism, commercialism, religion, and politics in modern day America have caused a decline in the masculinity of Americ an, middle-class men and how that has destroyed society as heavily demonstrated by the support group he attends, the fight club he helps start, the terrorist group that sprouts from this, and the Narrators second personality (Tuss).The storys second chapter starts the flashback that comprises all but the first and last two chapters of the book. In this scene, the Narrator has been suffering from chronic insomnia and is attending a self help group meant for men suffering from testicular cancer, a treatment sarcastically prescribed by his doctor in an effort to experience him, the Narrator, feel less narcissistic since the physician himself was unwilling to give him the medicine to treat his insomnia. All of the men in this group have become womanly due to ... ... Literary Reference Center. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Palahniuk, Chuck. Fight Club. New York W.W. Norton &, 1996. Print.Price, Bryan R. A Psychological Analysis of Chuck Palahniuks Fight Club. Yahoo Contributor Network. Yahoo, 3 whitethorn 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.Price, Bryan R. A Psychological Analysis of Chuck Palahniuks Fight Club. Yahoo Contributor Network. Yahoo, 3 May 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.Reed, Charley. Journal of Religion & Film Fight Club An Exploration of Buddhism By Charley Reed. Journal of Religion & Film Fight Club An Exploration of Buddhism By Charley Reed. University of Nebraska at Omaha, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.Tuss, Alec, SM. Masculine indistinguishability and Success A Critical Analysis of Patricia Highsmiths The Talented Mr. Ripley and Chuck Palahniuks Fight Club. Journal of Mens Studies. University of Dayton, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

Political Science Essay

Non-governmental organizations and Inter-governmental organization ar defined as actors in the international level which operate and they carry out their activities without either state control. Non-governmental organizations argon formed voluntarily by citizens, with the aim of charitable participation within the organization. They argon independent within the laws of society and are managed by those elected or the appointed board. Its legal status is based on freedom of association, one of the most basic human rights.This paper will charge on various sayings of these two kinds of organizations and their effects on the international relations of a state. NGOs are not established with the purpose of making profit kinda they are engaged in revenue-generating activities. The revenue obtained is used in pursuit of the organizations mission. Employees get the proper reward for relevant work done. Nevertheless, boards are not paid for the work they do but are reimbursed for any exp ense they incur in executing board duties.In addition, NGOs aims at up(a) the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on issues detrimental to the well being of the society as a whole (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). There exists great diversification in terms of independence, size of business, source of funding, international reach and operating procedures. These organizations can execute projects, shield or promote specific causes and seek to manipulate policy. NGOs are not subject to international law and include organizations comparable Amnesty international, the International chamber of Commerce and International Red Cross.IGOsIntergovernmental organizations, commonly abbreviated as IGOs, comprise of sovereign states that are positioned to carry out projects and plans in common interest. NGOs act in conjunction with IGOs by complimenting IGO- initiated and funded programmes, as operational partners. IGOs include organizations like the European Union and the international fina ncial institutions, World Bank. Most of IGOs work for and are financed by rich corporations and some state governments (Beigbeder, 1991). They are important aspect of public international law and are formed by treaty that acts as a bond creating the sort out.IGOs plays a major role by providing instrument of cooperation and multiple channels of communication between and among states in fields which cooperation and communication provides advantages for almost all nations. With the major roles of IGOs as rule making, data collection and docket setting, they decrease uncertainty between states and explore cooperative solution for international problems. IGOs may manipulate norms of international relations and preferences of nation-states for instance, the United Nations Environment Program which compete key role in the conception of regimes such as the protection of the Mediterranean Sea.A well known case is the International Atomic nil Agency which evidenced that IGOs play a sign ificant role in monitoring principles, norms and rules of international institutions and international regimes. Infrastructure has developed within states as IGOs are greatly concerned with technical issues like telecommunication, postal services, transportation and environmental management. Economic development has been witnessed with IMF and the World Bank being successful in gold flowing, debt management and financing debt issues between rich and poor states.States are able to obtain information about the international society and politics. Decisions made by IGOs are as a result of negotiations among the governmental agents assigned to them. Activities of IGOs such as the UN and the IMF are seen to be more influential for most diminutive countries as compared with countries with actually big powers as they are not constrained too much by their principles. NGOs exists in many kinds such as transnational, governmental organized, governmental correct and initiated, business and i ndustry, transnational social movements and anti-governmental.For the recent decade their effectiveness for transnational politics has become pertinent and their number increased. NGOs mobilize universal networks by creating transnational organizations, gathering data on local conditions through associates around the world, creating immediate response and drum up pressure from the outside states. NGOs work hand in hand with IGOs by participating in their conferences and engaging in social appointments, building communal coalitions, raising new agendas and addressing IGOs meetings (Beigbeder, 1991).They also maintain inter-state collaboration by preparing backing papers, reports and refining delegates of states to narrow technical gap, intensifying policy options and bringing delegates together. They carry out activities within states such as linking to local partners and transnational movements, providing addition aid protecting persons in danger. NGOs promote public participation w ithin states by bringing awareness to the government delegates that they are being watched.This is achieved through the ageless effort in increasing transparency and honesty of international negotiations and public institutions and aggravating public protest. They do mobilization of international community to fight against oppression, afflict, group and personal rights. Effects of NGOs and NGOs on international relations of a state Non-state actors keep caused great transformation in international relations as they acquit become the major determinants of foreign policies of nation states as they have remained active in playing their major roles in more than one state.They are snarly in both domestic and international settings. Through their personal connection with their employees, they help nation states to solve problems such as climatological changes, shortage of food, poverty, and insufficient graphic resources. In many cases of political conflicts like the cold war which r esulted to tribalism and other cultural cleavages, many non-state actors have been involved to solve them and shape national, regional and international policies and thus their role has been widely accepted by many political scientists.However, these scientists only differed on the level of relevance and effectiveness of non-state actors. Intergovernmental organizations and Non-governmental organizations are included in the part of world system and are source of effectiveness in international politics. In todays world, it has become quite difficult to assess international politics and pattern without attaching the great influence of non-state actors which are gaining position. Moreover, non-state actors have shown concern with the rural poor and have managed to maintain field presence in distant locations where it quite difficult to keep government staff in station.They have identified the needs of the rural poor in terms of agricultural developments. They have also implemented ne w systems for testing new technology such as soya production in Bangladesh (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). In other cases, non-state actors have assisted to organize landless labourers to get and operate water pumping technology and irrigation schemes. Concisely, they have sustained joint efforts in soil and water conservation whether is on private land or on micro-watershed areas.ConclusionIn conclusion, increased transactions, awareness and common concern on regional and global problems require collaboration between states and non-state actors so as to maintain their welfare. These organizations will also require further cooperation and communication among themselves to strengthen their effectiveness as actors in the implementation of sustainable achievement. Nation-states including the most powerful one, the United States, have to attach great significance to non-state actors in order to improve and achieve their main interests.

Describe a Personal Experience Where Your Race or Ethnicity Made a Difference Essay

Race and ethnicity has influenced my life in many expressions and up until now I am living with the discriminations that comes with non be to a legitimate group of people. Worldwide racial discrimination race is common and even more common here in the United States. peck make choices subconsciously based on the racial group they belong to. Individuals reach preference of people of their own ethnicity over people of a various ethnic group. I person onlyy have fingerd some sort of racial discrimination and am sure every nonpareil else is a dupe of racial discrimination just as much as I am.I believe if every student, staff or faculty that will be asked their opinions about racial inequality, they will gladly oppose racism. But some of us consciously and hypocritically practice racial discrimination, which I find in truth inappropriate. My recent experience was in regards to a scholarship opening recently in the school. This scholarship I believe was sponsored by the staff and faculties of the school to give birth students who do not get any help from the government and have a good academic standing.I was just done with my classes for the day one evening and was about to leave campus when I received a phone call from a friend who told me about the scholarship. At the time I was with some other friend and I told her about it and we both went to the function of the scholarship coordinator for the application. Unfortunately the office was closed. We then decided to come back the next day as early as we could. My friend couldnt make it the morning and she asked me to get her the application if am able to come in in the morning.I went by means of the trouble of leaving home real early the next day just so I can go get the application and when I got there around 830am, the coordinator was politic not there. I decided to wait anticipating she will be coming in by 900am, exactly I waited up until 930 and she still didnt show up. so I decided to leave since I had an exam that day at 10am. I returned again subsequently my exam at 12pm, now she had a note on her door saying she will be in her office at 1pm. I went back to the library to study for my next exam and I made sure I was back at exactly 1pm. She still wasnt back I decided to wait a little while at the door.While waiting, she came and I requested for the application and she told me she didnt have the application and she gave me her card to make an appointment with her to come in for the application and that she cannot meet up until after the 29th which is suppose to be the dead parameter of the application. Believe it or not, I stupidly left the office thinking that is the same procedure everyone is going to have to go through. An hour later, my friend who is not the same race as the coordinator moreover looks like she is of her race, went in and was given the application.Some times it is just too heart breaking to know after meeting all the requirements of something, you st ill do not really meet the requirement just because of your skin color. We talk about how racial discrimination is inappropriate, but we still practice racial favoritism anyways. Like in the case of this scholarship, they could have just written on the requirements, you have to belong to a certain race to qualify, but it is not right to do that. I felt so depressed realizing in the very end that I wasted all my time and energy for nothing because I do not actually meet the real requirements.I do not belong to the ideal racial group. I believe day in and day out other students just like me have to deal with situations like this. Base on this experience and some other experiences from my pass, my race and ethnicity had influence the kind of choices I make. If we continue making choices to satisfy our selves by making preference of people of our type quite than the qualified people, it will be hard to make progresses. I believe every one deserve equal opportunities regardless of their race and that is the only way we as individuals and the community on a whole can be well developed and successful.

Consumer Behavour

Models of Consumer Behaviour UNIT 9 Objectives MODELS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR After reading this unit, you should be able to identify the diametric levels of consumer finish-making explain the form of consumer ratiocination-making variantiate among types of grease ones palmser decision behaviour describe the buyer behaviour with the help of an input, plow, output model Structure 9. 1 Introduction 9. 2 What Is a decision? 9. 3 Levels of Consumer Decisions 9. 4 Process of Decision- Making 9. 5 Types of Purchase Decision Behaviour 9. 6 Stages in the vendee Decision Process 9. 7 Models of Buyer Behaviour 9. 8 Summary 9. 9 Key Words 9. 0 Self-assessment Questions 911 Further Readings 9. 1 INTRODUCTION In this unit we shall meet how a consumer actually arrives at the decision to purchase a specific product or dent out of the so many lendable in the market. Or, in other words, we shall study the emergence of consumer decision-making. In the previous unit we had discussed a simple model of consumer decision-making, comprising an input, work out and an output. A consumer receives stimuli from the environment and the specifics of the marketing strategies of different products and services, and responds to these stimuli in terms of either buying or not buying the product.In between the stage of receiving the stimuli and responding to it, the consumer goes through the process of making his decision. 9. 2 WHAT IS A DECISION? A decision is the selection of an alternative out of the several number of alternatives available. It is only when theme are two or more alternatives available that thither is the need to make a quality. In the field of consumer behaviour, we are only concerned with home in which the consumer has to take a purchase decision where there is a choice available. 27 judgment Consumers 9. 3 LEVELS OF CONSUMER DECISIONSAs a buyer or consumer you are all the time making decisions such as what product to buy (a book or a shirt as a birthday present for your friend), Which filth (Lux, Liril, Hamam, Rexona or OK th at a lower place mug soap) from where (Super Bazar, nearby corner shop, chemist), and so on Table 1 presents a summary of the different levels of purchase related decisions or so commonly encountered by consumers. The table highlights the wide of the mark range of choices the consumers confine to select from when making a decision, starting from the generic product category level to the brand level and retail outlet level. 9. 4 PROCESS OF DECISION-MAKINGThe most basic and important requirement for the marketer is to netherstand how consumers make choices. Ajzen and Fishbein have attempted to explain human choice behaviour in their theory of reasoned action which states that Generally speaking-human beings are usually quite rational and make systematic use of culture available to them. People rent the implications of their actions originally they decide to engage or not to engage in a given behaviour. Thus, making a decision is a rational and aware process in which the consumer evaluates each of the available alternatives to select the best amongst them.Each decision you make involves an elaborate mental thought process, a degree of agile reasoning, though on the surface it may not always seem to be so. This may be because over a period of time you have taken certain decisions so many times that they now seem to be made close automatically but that is not true at all. Even your daily decision of buying a loaf of bread involves the element of active reasoning as buying a mod waiting room focalize for your drawing room. However, in the former case, the extent and intensity of active reasoning may be much less as compared to the latter case. 28In the case of bread, the only decision variables may be which brand, quantity and retail outlet. But in case of buying a sofa set the decision variables are far more in number. These may be ready-made or made to order from a fu rniture shop or to be built at home type of material for frame Wood, Steel, Aluminium type of material for cushion cloth, rexine, leather design with or without arm-rests, height, sense of seat, seating capacity, loose or fixed cushion. Models of Consumer Behaviour Thus, depending on the type of decision being made, the degree and strength of active reasoning lead vary. at that place are three factors which influence the degree of active reasoning that is undertaken by the consumer in his process of decision-making. These are i) pursuit, ii) alternative differentiation, and iii) time pressure i) Involvement When a product is perceived to be of great personal importance to the customer, such as personal clothing, or its purchase involves a great deal of specie or risk such as jewellery, car, house, company shares, the level of involvement in making the decision is possible to be precise high.The consumer is likely to kick the bucket a great deal of time before arriving at the final decision. In contrast, when buying items which do not reflect much on the consumers constitution or their purchase involves small amounts of money . or the risk associated with them is not high, the degree of involvement of the consumer is likely to be low. Products such as shoes, polish, toilet soap, toothpaste, biscuits and so on would fall in this category. i) Differentiation When the consumer perceives that the various alternatives which are available are very different from one another in terms of their features and benefits offered, he is likely to pop off more time in realiseing information about and evaluating these different features. On the other hand, in case of products which are not very different from one another either in terms of their features or benefits offered, the consumer is bound to perceive them as being almost the same and buy the outgrowth available product/brand which satisfies his minimum expectation.He will not like to spend much time in eval uating the various alternatives. The various brands of lavation powder available in the market today are an excellent example of low level of differentiation with the consumer perceiving the different brands to be offering almost identical benefits. All the brands, such as Nirma, Vimal, Vijay, etc. look similar with identical packing and carry almost the same price tag. Till a few years ago, the two wheel scooter market in ,India was highly undifferentiated with Vespa and Lambretta offering almost identical scooter to the consumers in terms of basic features.But today the same market is highly differentiated. The consumers have a wide range of brands to favour from such as Kinetic-Honda, Lohia, Bajaj etc. each offering a variety of shapes, horse power and many other innovative features to choose from. A potential consumer of scooter would have to spend considerable time in evaluating each brand before he is in a position to make his decision. iii) Time Pressure When you are under pressure to make a decision quickly, you elicitnot afford to spend a long time finding out about the various products or brands.You would belike buy whatever is readily available. While traveling in your car to a hill station your car tyre bursts and you need to buy a new one. At that time you would buy the brand that is available at whatever price without giving it too much thought. But under a different situation, when you need to buy new tyres, you would certainly like to find the features of nylon and radial tyres and evaluate various brands e. g. Modi, MRF, Dunlop and Apollo etc. on their individual advantages and disadvantages. 29 intelligence ConsumersActivity 1 a) For each of the products/services written below, identify whether the purchase decision involves a high or low degree of involvement under normal circumstances i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) Scooter Tyre Steel almirah Transistor radio Bicycle Shirting material A pair of shoes Toothpaste A family prepar ation device such as Nirodh Restaurant Voltage stabiliser. b) In respect of the above products, record which differentiated alternatives (brands) are available in the market. .. 9. 5 TYPES OF purchase DECISION BEHAVIOUR Consumer buying behaviour varies with the type of buying decision. Earlier, we stated that while a decision for buying bread was almost made automatically, the decision for buying a sofa set was more deliberate and time consuming. Similarly, there is a great deal of difference in buying a tube of toothpaste, clothes for yourself and a refrigerator for your home. We shall now distinguish three types of buying behaviour i) Routinised retort behaviour, ii) Limited problem solving, and iii) Extended problem solving. ) Routinised response behaviour (RRB) This occurs when the consumer already has just about experience of buying and using the product. He is familiar with the various brands available and the attributes of each and has a well established criteria for sel ecting his declare brand. Consumers do not give much thought or time when buying such products and already have a preferred brand. The degree of involvement in buying such products is low. Frequently purchased and low cost products such as razor blades, coffee powder, toothpaste, soap, soft drinks, etc. fall in this category. Marketers ealing in products involving routinised response behaviour must ensure the satisfaction of existing customers by maintaining consistent quality, service and value. Also, they must attempt to attract new customers by introducing brisk features, using point-of-purchase promotional material and special displays. ii) Limited Problem Solving (LPS) In this type of buying behaviour, the consumer is familiar with the product and the various brands available, but has no established brand preference. The consumer would like to gather additional information about the brands to arrive at his brand decision.For instance a housewife buys refined veggie oil for h er cooking. She is familiar with the excogitation of vegetable oil (as opposed to say vanaspati and ghee) and also knows that Postman, Dalda and Ruby are some of the prominent brands available. But to establish her choice of brand, she would like to check with her friends and regular shopkeeper about the attributes of each. Limited problem solving also takes place when a consumer encounters an unfamiliar (or new) brand in a known product category. The housewife who buys refined 30 vegetable oil, on her next visit to the market, sees a new brand of oil, Saffola.Apart from being a new brand, this brand of oil also claims the crotchety attribute of being low in cholesterol. To arrive at a decision, whether or not to buy this brand, the housewife needs to gather information about the new brand which will allow her to compare it with the known brands. The marketers task in a situation where he is introducing a new brand in a well known product category is to design a communication dodg e that gives drop information on all the attributes of the brand, thus increasing the consumers confidence and facilitating his or her purchase decision. ii) Extensive Problem Solving (EPS) Extensive problem solving occurs when the consumer is encountering a new product category. He needs information on both the product category as well as the various brands available in it. This kind of decision is by far the most complex. For instance, you are thinking of buying a Flat food colouring television to replace your existing colour and white TV set. You do not have much idea about how to judge the quality of a, colour TV set. You have heard about the various rands, such as Videocon, BPL, Samsung, LG, Sony, Thomson etc. but you do not know what t heir respective quality ranking is in colour TV. Each brand makes claims of foreign technology, latest features such as flat square tube and channel display. Further, t here is a range of models to choose from within each brand, models with r emote control . different cabinet colour finish, vertical monitor styling etc. To arrive at a decision, you have to gather information at three levels and also establish a criteria for evaluating this information.The three levels of information host and evaluation are at generic product level, brand level and model level within each brand. The marketing strategy for such buying behaviour must be such that it facilitates the consumers information gathering and learning process about the product category and his own brand. The marketer must be able to provide his consumer with a very specific and unique set of positive attributes regarding his own brand, so that the purchase decision is made in his favour. The concept of EPS is most applicable to new products.The product may be new at the generic product concept level (such as Maggi noodles) or it may be an established product concept but new for a particular consumer. In case of a new product concept such as ready to cook instant sn ack, the entire consumer beingness is unfamiliar with the product. The marketer has to spend large amounts of money in educating the consumers about his product. The consumers in turn need a great deal of information before they dissolve take a decision and the decision process takes a long time.On the other hand, you may have the situation where the product concept is well understood by a studyity of the consumers, but it is being bought or used by a particular consumer for the first time. To take a very simple example, a tribal who is exposed to the concept of toothpaste for the first time in his life will seek a lot of information and take a long time to decide. For him, buying a toothpaste is a EPS behaviour, whereas for most of us it simply requires a routinised response behaviour. Models of Consumer Behaviour 9. 6STAGES IN THE BUYER DECISION PROCESS Even buying decision involves an element of active reasoning. The manner in which this active reasoning manifests itself is il lustrated in Figure I. In making a purchase decision the consumer goes through the five stages of i) ii) iii) iv) v) problem recognition, pre-purchase information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post purchase behaviour. However, in case of go purchases, the consumer may skip the second and third stages and straight away go to the stage of purchase decision.But in case of purchase 31 cause Consumers decision involving extensive problem solving, the consumer is likely to go through all the five stages in the specified sequence. The important point to note is that the buying process starts much before the actual purchase and has implications even after the purchase has been made. This should give ideas to the marketer as to how he has to start designing his marketing strategy in order to achieve his specified marketing objectives. Figure I Stages in the Buyer Decision ProcessLet us understand the stages in decision-making process with the help of a Mr. Raos specific decision to purchase a briefcase. i) Problem Recognition The buying process starts with the buyer recognising a need or problem. Mr. Rao feels very uncomfortable carrying his papers, files and lunch packet in his hand or in a plastic bag to his work place. Sometimes, the papers and even files from his hand and get spoiled Mr. Rao feels the need for a suitable receptacle to carry papers to and fro from his office and has determine a briefcase as the solution to his problem. i) Pre-Purchase Information Search In response to the stimuli provided by the need for a briefcase, Mr. Rao starts searching for information on the kinds of briefcases available in the market. Search stinker be of two types internal and external. interior search refers to recalling relevant information stored in the memory. For instance, Mr. Rao may recall having seen the different kinds of briefcases used by his colleagues. Or he may recall having seen some advertisements for briefcases on the televi sion or in some magazines and newspapers.External search refers to the deliberate and voluntary seeking of new information regarding the product/brand under consideration. Mr. Rao can seek information from the following three sources Personal sources family, friends, colleagues, neighbours. Commercial sources advertisements, retailers, salesmen. Public sources seeing others, consumer information centres. By tapping all these sources of information, Mr. Rao is able to identify the different types of briefcase on the basis of material, branded versus unbranded, high-mediumlow priced.A wide variety of materials are used for making briefcases ranging from the best leather to rexine to plastic. There are branded briefcases available and Mr. Rao can choose from the well known VIP, Safari and Aristocrat and some less known local brands, or he can choose to buy an unbranded briefcase. The price ranges from Rs. 125 to Rs. 1200. Also, there are a number of other features which can influenc e the choice, such as type of lock, and number of partitions and pockets for keeping different documents. By the end of this stage, Mr.Rao has gathered enough information about different kinds of briefcases available and has narrowed down his alternatives to moulded plastic, branded briefcase. Within this broad range there are various brands and price ranges to make the final choice from. Evaluation of Alternatives Mr. Rao will make his final decision using certain evaluative criteria. The most commonly used criteria are (i) product attribute, (ii) the relative importance of each attribute to the consumer, (iii) brand image, (iv) attitudes towards the different brands or alternatives under considerations.For instance, the product attributes of the (Plastic branded briefcase) alternatives identified by Mr. Rao are , unbreakable, lightweight, spaciousness, reliability of locking system, colour, price. Mr. Rao attaches maximum importance to the product attributes of light weight and sp aciousness as compared to other attributes. He already has some kind of attitude towards the various brands developed in the stage of information search which will affect his final decision. 32This stage of the buying decision process gives the marketer a chance to modify his product offering in keeping with the relative importance attached to each attribute by various consumer segments, altering beliefs and attitudes about his own brand, and calling attention to neglected product attributes, Purchase Decision In the evaluation stage, Mr. Rao has ranked the various brands in terms of his first, second and third preference. In short, he has made up his mind about which brand he wants to buy. However, Mr. Rao may finally end up buying a brand which is not his most preferred.This may happen because attitudes of others and situational factors. For instance, when Mr. Rao goes to the shop to make his purchase, the shopkeepers negative remarks about his (Mr. Raos) most preferred brand may make him change his mind. Also, it is possible that Mr. Raos preferred brand is not available, or there is a very attractive price discount on the brand ranked third by him which eventually makes him change his mind. Post Purchase Behaviour After purchasing the briefcase, if Mr. Rao finds that its performance or utility matches up to his expectation, Mr.Rao will feel satisfied with his purchase. The satisfaction will reinforce Mr. Raos perceived favourable image of the brand, which is likely to be extended to the entire range of products manufactured by the Company. Also, Mr. Rao is likely to strongly recommend the brand when his friends ask his advice for buying a new briefcase. A satisfied customer is thus a very regent(postnominal) source of influence for potential customers. However, if Mr. Rao feels that the briefcase which he has purchased is not upto his expectation, then he is likely to feel dissatisfied.The gap between expected (or perceived) and the actual performances ca uses discomfort or dissonance to the buyer. As a result of this, Mr. Rao may decide to stop buying other products sold by the same Company and also admonish his friends about the poor utility of his briefcase. To reduce his own state of discomfort or dissonance arising from the feeling that he has not made the right choice, Mr. Rao can (i) re-evaluate the unchosen brands and downgrade their desirability by identifying some negative features, and (ii) search for information to confirm his choice. Models of Consumer BehaviourActivity 2 a) Consider the case of a consumer undestroyable which you may have recently purchased. Try to recall the actual process you might have undergone in buying that. Write down the specific activities you undertook at each stage of the decision-making process. b) Do you find any differences in the approach described above and the approach that you may have followed?What could be the reasons for these differences? 33 Understanding Consumers 9. 7 MODELS OF BUYER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour is a process and purchase is only one stage in that process. There are many cardinal influences ranging from internal motivations and attitudes to social and external influences of many kinds.Having explained the consumer decision. making process, now let us turn our attention to the process of consumer or buyer behaviour. We shall explain the process of buyer behaviour with the help of four models. The first two models describe the decision process as applicable to individual consumer. The third model explains the decision-making process of a group, namely the family. The fourth model explains the decision-making process in the context of an organisation. Howard-Sheth ModelThis model explains the buyer decision process using four major sets of variables as presented in Figure II. The four sets of variables are (i) inputs, (ii) perceptual and learning constructs, (iii) outputs and (iv) exogenous or external variables. i) Input The inp ut to the customer decision process is provided by three distinct types of stimuli. Of these two types of stimuli are provided by the marketer in the form of physical, tangible product characteristics known as significative stimuli, and intangible, perceptual product characteristics known as typic stimuli.To return to the example of Mr. Rao, while the physical appearance, sturdiness, finish, and spaciousness would constitute the significative stimuli for quality, the overall quality that Mr. Rao perceives in his briefcase connotes the symbolic stimuli. The actual price paid for the briefcase is significative stimulus while the perception that the price is reasonable, or too high or is a good covenant is the symbolic stimulus. The third type of stimuli is provided by the consumers family, reference groups and social class to which he belongs. 34

Race and Ethnicity Essay

This course focuses on the produces, challenges, and opportunities presented by U. S. population form. Workplace issues colligate to employee assortment in terms of gender, bleed or ethnicity, socioeconomic kind, and cultural background are emphasized. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained in spite of sort the pursuit two documents University policies You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies This document is posted in the Course Materials forum.University policies are subject to change. Be certainly to call for the policies at the beginning of each conformation. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you excite recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Harvey, C. P. , & eachard, M. J. (2009). savvy and managing diversity (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Schaefer, R. T. (2011). racial and ethnic groups (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. All electronic materials are available on the student website.hebdomad angiotensin converting enzyme Workplace Diversity Details referable Points Objectives Recognize the dimensions of diversity. 6/10/13 Differentiate the concept of cellular inclusion from the concept of diversity. Describe diversity and inclusion in the workplace. proveing memorize Ch. 1 of Racial and heathen Groups. version Read Ch. 17 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. course session Read Introduction to subsection I and Section I of Understanding and Managing Diversity. conflict Participate in class discussion. 6/10/13 2 Discussion Questions move to weekly discussion questions.6/10/13 2 Learning Team crap the Learning Team absorb. Instructions Learning Team Charter Learning Team palingenesis the Week One objectives and discuss insights and questions yo u may have. Instructions hebdomadary Team Review Individual Apply critical-thinking skills to answer the following questions based on this weeks 6/10/13 5 intellection About Diversityreadings. The response to each question must contain 150 to 300 words. and Inclusion What are the dimensions of cultural diversity?Identify and soon justify the dimensions by referencing some(prenominal) textbooks. With what ethnic, cultural, or another(prenominal) groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle have in common. What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? What is the importance of workplace diversity training? What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusion? initialise your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Week Two Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Privilege Details Due Points Objectives 6/17/13 Explain how the conc ept of culture is used to bring about group individualism. Analyze the social concept of race. Describe how behavioral and thinking patterns apply to diversity issues. breeding Read Ch. 2 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. study Read Ch. 3 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. denotation Read Ch. 5 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. rendering Read Introduction to Section II in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read Are African Americans Still Experiencing Racism? in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read Inventing Hispanics in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read To Be Asian in America in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Review Ch. 6 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 7 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 8 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 9 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 10 of Racial and Et hnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 11 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 12 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Review Ch. 14 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 6/17/13 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 6/17/13 2 Learning Team Submit the Learning Team Charter. Instructions Learning Team Charter Learning Team Review the Week Two objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. Instructions Weekly Team Review Learning Team Begin work on the Equal Rights Proposition synopsis setment due in Week Three. Instructions Equal Rights Proposition Outline Individual multiculturalResources Culturegrams database and Racial and Ethnic Groups 6/17/13 15 Matrix and Analysis Worksheet Select and research six ethnic groups from Part III (Ch.614) o f Racial and Ethnic Groups and in Culturegrams. Use the following instructions to access Culturegrams From the University Library, click the Library Resources link. Click Country Profiles and Economic Data. Click Culturegrams. Navigate Culturegrams utilize the map or use the search option for specific terms. Complete the University of Phoenix Material Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet located on the student website. Write a 350- to 700- word analysis of the advantages of a multicultural society and labor force. Format any references consistent with APA guidelines. Week Three Immigration, Assimilation, Pluralism, and Multiculturalism Details Due Points Objectives 6/24/13 Describe U. S. immigration policies within a historical framework. Summarize the benefits and consequences of immigrant labor for the U. S economy. Analyze strategies for inclusion in the workplace. Reading Read Ch. 4 in Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Read A World View of Cultural Diversity in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read Cultural Transmission Today in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 6/24/13 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 6/24/13 2 Learning Team Review the Week Three objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. Instructions Weekly Team Review Individual Resource Completed Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet.6/24/13 15 Media Reaction Write a 1,050- to 1,400- word reaction to a media piece focusing on a current political issue relating to immigration. Possible media pieces include an article, a video or audio clip, a television show, a book, a documentary, or a movie. Research the issue of your media piece. Address the following What is the historical framework of this issue? What is the political context of this issue? What message does the media piece attempt to represent?Was the media coverage biased or unbiased? Was the issue sensationalized or portrayed objectively? How might the media coverage affect the publics perception of this issue? Does it encourage or discourage prejudice, dissimilitude, and stereotyping? How might this issue affect the U. S. economy and labor force? If you were a manager affected by this issue and its media coverage, what inclusion strategies from this weeks reading might you implement to moderate the medias effect on your employees and to promote inclusion in the workplace? Include at least two faculty member references in your research. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Learning Team Select a current social issue related to the rights of ethnic or social groups. 6/24/13 10 Equal Rights Proposition Outli ne Research the subject and existing action plans designed to solve the issue. Develop a 1,050- to 1,500- word comprehensive outline of your proposition to promote equal rights.Be sure to include the following The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force How society has constructed this groups identity The legal framework relating to this issue Summary of existing or proposed solutions of differing groups. catch the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity electric charge, corporate human resource departments, raise or federal laws and regulations, political strategies, government agencies, religious groups, and grass roots organizations. Whether or not this issue exists in other countries, and if so, how it is handled by differing groups Your teams compromise or alternative to existing solutions A description the organization, order, and approach to your t eams presentation Your decision on the presentation format your group will to use for your Week Five Equal Rights Proposition intro. Consider using Microsoft PowerPoint or alternative computer software, such as iPresent Presio, Prezi, and Glogster EDU. Outline your proposition in the format and software program of your choice. Include at least five academic references in your research. Format your outline consistent with APA guidelines. Week Four Legal Framework of Diversity Details Due Points Objectives 7/1/13 Outline the U. S. legal framework related to diversity in the workplace. Explain the relationship between social mobility and social change. Analyze management strategies to interpret compliance in the multicultural workplace. Reading Read the article Social Class Diversity in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read the Introduction to Section III and Section III of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 7/1/13 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 7/1/13 2 Learning Team Review the Week Four objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. Instructions Weekly Team Review Learning Team Continue to work on the Equal Rights Proposition Presentation assignment due in Week Five. Instructions Equal Rights Proposition Presentation Preparation Individual Resource the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) website 7/1/13 15 EEOC Presentation Explore the EEOC website (http//www. eeoc. gov) to learn more about the organization. Click the About the EEOC link and select Newsroom.Select a press release about an employee lawsuit published within the last 6 months. Search the Internet to find at least unrivalled intelligence agency item about this lawsuit, preferably from a news source in the state in which the incident occurred. Write a 1,050- to 1,200- word paper that includes the following A description of the compliance issue that led to the lawsuit and its ramifications for the organization. A brief summary of the functions of the EEOC in mavin paragraph. The EEOCs role in this lawsuit. Whether or not this lawsuit promotes social change justify your reasoning A comparison of the EEOC press release to the news item. What accounts for the differences? Strategies you would implement, if you were a senior manager of this company, to ensure future compliance and inclusion in the multicultural workplace. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Week Five The Global Comparative Perspective Details Due Points Objectives 7/8/13 Compare anti-immigration movements in different countries. Analyze the historical effect of discrimination on the global economy. Reading Read Ch. 1 6 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Read NegotiationsBWA Discovers the Indonesian Way in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read Interpreting Intercultural Communication at a Business Meeting in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read How Canada Promotes Workplace Diversity in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. Reading Read Ch. 16 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Reading Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 7/8/13 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. 7/8/13 2 Learning Team Review the Week Five objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. Instructions Weekly Team Review Learning Team Resource Equal Rights Proposition Outline 7/8/13 20 Equal Rights Proposition Presentation Create a comprehensive presentation of your equal rights proposition using the presentation software appr oved in Week Three. Include the following The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force How society has constructed this groups identity The legal framework relating to this issue A summary of existing or proposed solutions of differing groups. Consider the U. S.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, corporate human resource departments, state or federal laws and regulations, political strategies, government agencies, religious groups, and grass roots organizations Whether or not this issue exists in other countries and if so, how it is handled by differing groups. Your teams compromise or alternative to existing solutions Present your proposal in the software approved in Week Three. For Local Campus students, these are 10- to 15-minute oral presentations. For Online and direct Study students, these are presentations with notes. Includ e at least five academic references in your research. Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines. Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions Explore topics in the Global Issues in stage setting database, which may be access through the University Library, under Library Resources. Which topics may be germane(predicate) to cultural diversity or workplace diversity? List all topics that apply. What resources, other than journal articles, are available?How might Global Issues in Context be a resource throughout this course? What are two specific groups that you have observed being subordinated? Describe the situations. How do you think the regard individuals were affected? What is a cultural difference that is likely to engender hostility in the workplace? Why? What inclusion strategies could be used? What are capableness advantages and drawbacks of a company providing resources for different cultural groups? Why are workplace populatio ns becoming increasingly more diverse? What is one historical change that has contributed to the geological fault to workplace diversity?Week Two Discussion Questions Read White Privilege and Male Privilege by Peggy McIntosh, and The Negative Consequences of Male Privilege by Stephen Farough, in Understanding and Managing Diversity. What are your reactions to the articles? Do you prefer one article to the other? Do you find the information in both articles accurate? Is one more relevant than the other is? Why or why not? Under what circumstances is ethnicity apparent? How can an ethnic identity be both positive and perhaps counterproductive? Give a detailed example. What is an issue indigenous people face regarding assimilation?Describe this issue and any swither made to mitigate it. How effective were these efforts? If they were not effective, what could have been done differently? For ideas, consider researching the White House Tribal Nations Conference of 2009 or the Univers al promulgation on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples issued by the United Nations in 2007. Even within ones own community, every individual is different. Based on your appearance or mannerisms, how might you be stereotyped in your local community? List both positive and negative stereotypes a stranger might assign to you.If you travelled to a different region of the country, how might you be stereotyped differently? Refer to this weeks readings how do policy makers use the concepts of half-full or half-empty to argue for or against social change? Do you think this is an effective strategy? Why or why not? According to this weeks readings, race does not distinguish humans from one another biologically. Why is it a persistent social issue? Why do misconceptions about race persist, and what people do to dispel these misconceptions? Week Three Discussion Questions What is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?What does the DHS do for United States citizens? If you lived in a co untry outdoor(a) the United States and wanted to come to the United States to work, to live, or to attend an institution of higher learning, what process would you follow? Describe a realistic or imagined scenario, and explain the legal process as outlined by the U. S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. What do you think are the biggest concerns some people have about ill-gotten immigration in the United States? Is it the effect on the U. S. economy, on the population, on public education, on the workforce, or on something else? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having diversity training conducted by internal employees versus using an outside consultant? Which would you prefer? Distinguish among the terms glass ceiling, glass walls, and glass escalators. How do they differ from more obvious forms of discrimination in employment? What challenges and opportunities do non-English speakers face in the United States? In schools? In the workplace or workforce? In other everyday environments? How do the terms biracial and multiracial relate to W. E. B. Duboiss notion of a color line, which is discussed in Ch.1 of Racial and Ethnic Groups? How were these terms used and for what figure in the 2010 U. S. Census? Week Four Discussion Questions In 2009, The EEOC implemented the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). What effects might GINA potentially have on workplace culture, on health insurance, and on the economy? Why is it important for managers to understand diversity management from both and managerial and legal perspectives? In your experience, how very much legal knowledge have your managers possessed? How did the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act change workplace culture?Give at least one example. Describe one group protected by the EEOC, and summarize the related legislation. Are all groups fairly represented? Are any groups missing? Justify your answer. Why do some criticize affirmative actio n? What would be one advantage and one disadvantage of eliminating affirmative action? The United States has seen significant social changes in the areas of population, education, labor force participation, health, technology, and the family structure. Which area has had the greatest social changes? What has caused these changes? Week Five Discussion Questions The conflicts outlined in Ch. 16 of Racial and Ethnic Groups are examples of ethno-national conflicts. How have the actions or inactions of the United States affected these problems? Give at least one specific example. How have civil uprisings affected intergroup tensions in Mexico and Israel? To what extent are the problems cladding Brazil or South Africa part of the legacy of racial divisions? Has the United States made good use of its social capital to increase workplace inclusion? Why or why not? How does the force-out of the Canadian federal government differ from the power of province governments?How does the powe r of the U. S. government differ from the power of state governments? Copyright University of Phoenix is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. change in accordance with University of Phoenix editorial standards and practices.

Deaf Event Paper

Deaf Event Paper For my Deaf Event I decided to attend the Silent Dinner at Valley Ranch cook out this past Tuesday April 27th, 2010 with my fellow classmate a best friend, Amber Cullens. A few days leading up to the aftermath I was completely dying(p) I didnt know what to expect. With only being a beginning sign language one student I was afraid that I would kibosh up or sign something that would be offensive or make me look stupid. When we got to Valley Ranch the dinner had already started so we got in occupation and ordered our food.We then took our seats in the separate banquet type room they put us in for the silent dinner. Everything was so overwhelming at first, everyone was signing so fast we couldnt keep pace and didnt want to be rude by asking for help. Thankfully we werent whole there were fellow other Lone Star Students there along with High School students. Even Leyel Hudson attended the event which made things even much comfortable for us having a teacher we know around to assist us if needed any help.I cant believe I stressed so much beforehand about attending, the Houston Deaf Community was very welcoming and helpful when we would sign with them. They made sure to try and go slower for us and some even helped by writing things down on paper so we could keep up. My favorite thing about the event was not just meeting Deaf parents, but the children of Deaf Parents. I met a young 8 year old boy and his older sis who was 12.They have not only learned English but also Sign Language so they can communicate with their parents. They were truly a smashing inspiration to be around. Attending this Deaf Event has inspired me to attend more not just while Im enrolled as a student at Lone Star but on my own time. Currently because of attending this event Im making it my goal to work on Deaf Events to my job, McAlisters Deli. Overall the experience was one Ill never forget for the rest of my life.

Police Roles and Functions

Police Department Roles and execute CJA/214 Police Department Roles and Function In this paper the principal roles and tends of police organizations and their roles as it applies to the law pass on be identified. Secondly, the description of various types of police agencies at the local, state, federal official level, and the roles and functions of each will be discussed. In addition, the role and function of patrol will be explained. The principal roles and function of police organizationsThe principal role of police organizations can be narrowed down to different services that they provide. Protecting and component part the local community and their civil rights, traffic control, to uphold and enforce the law, and to encourage respecting the law. As we let on the function of the police organization we can say that each organization function helps to prevent crime and keep communities safe. The municipal police deals with serious crimes in big and small cities and asked to prov ide a wide variety of emergency services.Description of various types of police agencies at the Local, State and Federal Levels As previously discussed, in that location are three levels of law enforcement agencies being covered, Local, State and Federal. The Local level is made of three organization Municipal Police, County Police, County Sheriff, County Coroner/Medical Examiner and m either states still use Constables today. Lets briefly review each one. Municipal police play a more complex role than any other law enforcement agency due to serving in our cities. Big and small cities represent the most complex environments when it comes to diversity.With that being said, city police accept the heaviest state for dealing with serious crime, which is not concentrated evenly. They are also responsible for difficult order maintenance problems as well as asked and pass judgment to provide a wide range of emergency services (Walker & Katz 2011). A County Police ships officer is ess entially a municipal police officer that operates on a county-wide basis but do not have non-law enforcement roles of the county sheriff. There focus is on patrolling and criminal investigations.On the other hand, County Sheriff has a unique role as they serve all three components to the criminal justice system law enforcement, courts and corrections (Walker & Katz 2011). Under these components they patrol, investigate crimes, process and serve subpoenas, provide security in courtrooms and last but not lease maintain county jails. The County Coroner also called the Medical Examiner falls under the law enforcement because they investigate death scenes, remove autopsies and determine cause of violent and unexpected deaths (Walker & Katz2011).Constables were still used, are usually found in a County court system where they are responsible for serving warrants and subpoenas, transporting prisoners, and providing security for district judges. They also work with county commissioners to post delinquent tax notices and assist attorneys in serving divorce papers (Walker & Katz 2011). State police and pathway patrol fall under the State Level. They both provide a variety of law enforcement services. In terms of patrol, state police have coincidental or shared responsibility with local police agencies.In about half of the states, the state police or highway patrol agency has the primary responsibility for enforcing traffic laws on the main highways (Walker & Katz2011). State police manage traffic and emergency incidents and minimize exposure of the public to unsafe conditions resulting from emergency incidents and highway impediments. what is more state police prevent loss of life, injuries, property damage, and protect public and state assets (CHP 2012). The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is one of several law enforcement organizations under the federal umbrella.The DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the unite States and bri ng to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States (DEA 2012), and primarily dedicated to reducing the supply of illegal drugs to residents in the United States (Walker & Katz 2011). One of the missions and responsibilities of the DEA is the management of national drug intelligence program that aids with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect various intelligence drug information (DEA 2012). The role and function of patrol With law enforcement officer the role and function of patrol can take on many descriptions.At times while on patrol an officer can be called upon to be a service provider, a crime fighter or a social worker. Secondly, traffic flow and collision step-down can be one of the many functions that allow an officer to take up different roles while on duty (Heath & Karen, 2012). Conclusion In shutting local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are the key to protecting our country. From the municipal police officer who is responding to a 911 call or a federal doer making a major illegal drug bust, each duty is very different but essential to enforcing our laws.Without law enforcement agencies in the United States and passim the world, thered be no one to protect and serve leading to total chaos. Reference Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. (2011). The Police in America. An introduction (7th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix accumulation database. CHP (2012) The California Highway Patrol, Retrieved from http//www. chp. ca. gov/html/mission. html Drug Enforcement Administration (2012) About Us, Our Mission Retrieved from http//www. justice. gov/dea/ HG Global Legal Resources (1999-2012) Control Substances Law Retrieved from http//www. hg. org/control. html

Characteristics Of A Good Leader

There are many things that can be done by multitude at my age, teenagers, to make a better preparation for our future. Being a true(p) draw is one of them. However, unlike what some people think, being a sound attractor does not mean that we hold a power over former(a) people. Instead, there are many characteristics of a good leader and therefore, this essay shall explore some characteristics of it. To begin with, responsibility and the ability to make an important decision play an important role to be a good leader.In contrast to these factors, there would be dire consequences and it is just a matter of time in the first place the leader feel the full-effect of his action. For instance, some companies had the irresponsible owner beforehand they went bankrupt. Furthermore, these irresponsible owner were often making reckless decision. Clearly, it is important for a good leader to be responsible and able to make an important decision. The other factor is that a good leader shou ld be strict with the regulation without censure to their members. As this factor will prove that a good leader can be fair to the others.For this reason, I can illustrate that in a group, the leader has a relationship with one of their members. However, they should never put an exception to the members as this can lead to dire consequences through their actions. As a result, these leaders may end up being replaced by others. Hence, a good leader must be fair when they have gained the trust to become a leader. Finally, a good leader should be someone who is hard functional and creative. More importantly, they should be persuasive when giving their team encouragement.This can produce a good result for their team because they have earned the trust of their leaders to do something. For example, most employees in some companies have been supported by their leaders that they will earn additional payment if they finish their work before the deadline. To put it in a nutshell, it is clear that the factors mentioned above are the characteristics of a good leader. In my opinion, a good leader must have a good morale behavior as well. By doing it right, one can make a better condition that may affect the outcome of their lives in later life.

Bibliography on the Mexican Muralist Movement Essay

As an instructor for the Yale- forward-looking Haven Teachers institute Maria Cardalliaguet Gomez-Malaga has posted the contents of her Curriculum Unit 06. 02. 01. The Idea behind a final for this class is a discussion of how Modern Mexican, Latino/a, Chicana/o art during the twentieth snow turned revolutionary propaganda of the 1920s and 1930s, into a significant 20th century art form to boylike Chicano artists and activists. These artists developed a strong new Mural Movement that has had strong influences on the social, political and pagan exploitation to support social activism during the 1960s.Her curriculum enabled me to find a starting point in the development of a dissertation where I believe this Art form The Mural is able to describe a historical picture of animation from one gild to another through a Painted Medium. This thesis is preliminary in scope and needs to be defined more precisely in its description of historical life, though it is a beginning or a startin g point for additional research. Campbell, Bruce. Mexican Murals in times of Crisis. Tucson University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2239-1.This book traces the ongoing critical contributions of wall painting arts to open life in Mexico to show how post-revolutionary murals have been overshadowed both by the Mexican School and by the exclusionary nature of official public arts. By documenting a range of mural practicesfrom fixed-site murals to mantas (banner murals) to graffitiBruce Campbell evaluates the ways in which the practical and aesthetical components of revolutionary Mexican muralist have been appropriated and redeployed within the context of Mexicos ongoing economic and political crisis.I think I can show how art can be used by public officials to influence public perception of political causes Author Eva Sperling Cockcroft Holly Barnet-Sa? nchez Social and Public humanities Resource Center. Venice, Los Angeles, Calif. Signs from the heart California Chicano murals Pu blisher Venice, Calif. Social and Public Art Resource Center Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 2001, 1990 In this book the authors began as just photographers collecting of pictures of Chicano murals for a family album.This would outgrow the picture taking leg as they discovered the social significance as these photos would become a nationwide photo financial backing of powerful community based art. The book only one part of SPARCs collection of mural slides is significant in that it helps to show the shift from Mexico to the United States as the center of mural production in the world. Art and Identity in Mexican and Chicano Social Movements by Edward J. McCaughan. This paper presents a comparative compend of artwork produced in the context of social movements waged by Mexicans and Chicanos (U. S. inhabitants of Mexican descent) during the two decades between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s. Young artists contend a central role in projecting the public identity and agendas of powerful social movements that emerged in Mexico and among Chicanos in the United States in the 1960s.This paper is a good starting point for me in that the issues youth artists were trying to depict are described in greater detail with the inclusion of female artists in the paper with internationally born artists I feel I have the material to start a solid project. Art and social change, or is it the ability of that art to provoke change in societys view of? A view of what? Is this racial, social, class, or cultural differences among groups of people that art changes the perceptions of? I unruffled am faced with a question that I would like to have answered for myself

Gothic art and architecture Essay

The ordinal, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, spanned by what we term the Gothic period, saw a revolution in the social and economic life of Europe. As princes created wintry capitals for themselves instead of the earlier uncomfortable peripatetic courts, so the earlier agricultural system gave way ahead a more modern money economy. The movements brought great changes in their train and were to have a punishing event upon the arts. For the first, the building of castles, palaces and t stimulate residences non only gave a new importance to the visual effect of surroundings but to a fault to the ideas of comfort and luxury.The court of Burgundy led the way and life came to be dominated by intricate ceremonial inherited in part from ancientness, Byzantium and the orient, and elaborated into an obligatory etiquette destined to scope its most exaggerated carryion in baroque Spain. At the end of the period this court gardening flowered into what was an almost decadent magnifi cence. Gothic engrave, like Gothic computer architecture, originated in France, and it, too, spread rapidly end-to-end Europe, varying in each country (Frankl 21).Gothic art had become common to all of Europe, and its issue variants did not develop in isolation, although they always remained distinct within the mannikin of the style. There was a right(a) deal of practical exchange, and German holy images were ordered from and sent to Italy, French ivory caskets and small altars were exported to England and Germany and side alabasters were exported throughout Europe (Frankl 25). In its transition from the Romanesque, Gothic architecture was characterized by an open stone framework supporting a stone vaulting (Frankl 3).As this development reached its peak, depiction and sculpture were almost exclusively subjected to architecture, though all three arts were ultimately to gain. It was inevitable that large-scale mural painting should guide way as the walls of Gothic churches we re increasingly devoted to ever-larger windows. However, these new transparent walls of glass were quickly claimed by the painters and at the very moment when they were most dependent upon the good will of the architect, they achieved their greatest triumphs for this new painting with colour and light on enormous areas of glass amounted to the conquest of a new artistic field. nut painting, from being a pleasant accessory of the old order of architecture, had gradually become an indispensable frisk of Gothic interior decoration. Its greatest successes were achieved, as were those of the Gothic style as a whole, primarily north-central of the Alps, and its decline accompanied that of the style as a whole (West 104-05). In appropriating sculpture, Gothic cathedral architecture presented it with such gigantic new problems that it was taxed almost beyond its strength.The figures that had previously been sparingly applied to doorways and towers multiplied and became grand crowds nestl ing in groups round doorways and towers. As a result of this dependence on architecture, more sculpture was commissioned in the Gothic period than at any other time between antiquity and the baroque era indeed the sculptor has probably never been so much in engage as he was then (West 137-39).At the end of the Gothic period, when architecture tired, when cathedrals, started at the peak of the period, remained unfattened despite increasingly extended building periods when towers, planned on a gigantic scale, were left broken when niches on pillars and portals still remained empty, sculpture was still strong sufficiency to leave the sinking ship, alert enough to recapture part of its former territory. It was altar-decoration which gave new life to the dying art of monumental sculpture.Here sculptors and timber carvers gradually developed the simplicity of the early retable into an architectural structure worthy to carry their figures. The Gothic travel altar grew from the mensa, until, high under the distant vaulting, multitudinous groups of figures were gathered into its forest-like branches, both oer centrepiece and over wings. At the close of the Gothic period a true Kleinplastik developed-Kleinplastik is an untranslatable word which applies to small, delicate carvings, sometimes only a few inches high, which were posthumousr to become the passion of the lay collector with his delight in elaborate material and craftsmanship.The ideals of the thirteenth century were still those that had inspired the crusades and which, towards the end of the eleventh century, had fired the horse opera Christian world with a zeal to free the Holy Land from the Mohammedan infidels. In the lieu of a few generations, religious fervour and love of adventure moved hundreds of thousands from every country to do battle with the dangerously advancing forces of Islam. Great victories awaited them, but besides shameful defeats fame and riches, but bondage and miserable death as well.An important after-effect of the period of the crusades, which really ended at the close of the thirteenth century, was the growing prosperity, not only at the courts but also amongst the lesser nobility and the burghers. It was accompanied by a taste for luxury, a desire for a less simple mode of life, which in let go of generated the forces needed to satisfy the new demands. The world had become, in contemporary eyes,-not only bigger and wider, but also more beautiful and interesting.Thus poetry and the arts, as well as the crafts, which had worked almost solely for the awarding of God and the glory of his Church, were now called upon to glorify the everyday world (West 210-11). Commerce and the crafts, in all their gay diversity, gained respect. As they grew in importance, guilds and merchant companies came into being, and succeeded in getting a voice in the administration of the cities, until the cities in the end obtained freedom from the feudal overlord, owed allegia nce only to the emperor, and were able to form political alliances with other cities.There was no more bondage for the burgher. The main roads met in the cities, which were the centres for travellers and pilgrims and for the trade of goods from far and near. The great building organizations were set within their walls and they sheltered the artists and craftsmen new wealth accumulated in the cities and with it a new civic reserve appeared. All these developments offered the Gothic sculptor and carver many opportunities and, moreover, each generation had an insatiable desire to express its own artistic feeling.This was only made possible, over the familys, by making room, by repeatedly clearing away or destroying the outmoded work of previous generations. Furthermore, the ever-changing and often more elaborate liturgical customs and rites of the high and late Middle Ages demanded new equipment, new furnishings, and these afforded new subjects for the artist. For example, the appea rance of the Rosary brotherhoods of the late Middle Ages produced a flood of Gothic Madonnas. The fast-spreading cult of St Anne led to the creation of charming groups showing her with the everlasting(a) and Child (Branner 47).The number of altars increased considerably during the Gothic period in the cathedrals and collegiate churches especially, but also in the parish churches. The spacious churches of this era often had dozens of altars, sometimes more than fifty. The burgher, noble, or even churchman donors of these altars made themselves responsible for the material needs of the priest who served at their altar as well as for the provision of an artistically conceived altar with furnishings of admirable craftsmanship (Frankl 95).For such an altarpiece tradition demanded a office of the patron saint, a cross, candelabra, an altar cloth, and robes. The buttresses of the new churches favoured the construction of subsidiary chapels and thereby increased the potential blank shel l for additional altars, which meant more commissions for the artists. The altarpiece which, as the chief domain of art, combined painting and sculpture in a common effort, has become the classic expression of late Gothic art for the world at large.In these altarpieces, the central section was generally reserved for three-dimensional figures. The insides of the wings were often given to the carvers for their reliefs, if they had not already been allotted to the paintersfor whom the outsides of the wings were always reserved. Such an altar complex was indeed imposing its changing face-different on weekdays, Sundays and feast days-served as a kind of three-dimensional picture book of the church year for a pious world which could as yet neither read nor write, and so readily seek these vivid illustrations of the scriptures.The western world found, in Gothic art, a means of symbolizing the Christian capability to experience life and religion as conceived within the framework of medie val piety. Although each nation added something of its own national peculiarities the style retained its validity as a common artistic expression of Western Christianity and was universally recognized. Works Cited Branner, Robert. Burgundian Gothic Architecture. A. Zwemmer, 1960. Frankl, Paul. Gothic Architecture. Penguin Books, 1962. West, George Herbert. Gothic Architecture in England and France. G. Bell & Sons, 1911.

Address Resolution Protocol

- Address Resolution communications communications communications protocol TheAddress Resolution Protocol(ARP) is acomputer networkingprotocol for determining a network armys connective layer or computer hardw be conduct when only its cyberspace form(IP) orNetwork socio-economic class make out is kn avow. This function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking traffic across gateways (routers) based onIP compensateeswhen the next-hop router must be determined. ARP was defined byRFC 826in 1982. 1It isInternet StandardSTD 37.ARP has been implemented in many types of networks, such asInternet Protocol(IP) network,CHAOS,DECNET, XeroxPARC comprehensive Packet,Token Ring,FDDI,IEEE 802. 11and oppositelocal area networktechnologies, as well as the modern high capability networks, such asAsynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM). Due to the overwhelming prevalence ofIPv4and Ethernet in popular networking, ARP is virtually frequently used to translateIPv4 o rganizeesinto Ethernet mac addresses. In the next generation Internet Protocol,IPv6, ARPs functionality is provided by theNeighbor Disco really Protocol(NDP). Overview and IPv4-plus-Ethernet slip Consider a LAN where machines development IPv4 over Ethernet wishing to communicate. A devoteer wishes to send a meaning to some other machine on the LAN and grapples a destination IPv4 address. The destination IPv4 address is hopefully associated with some tolerate network port wine belong to the recipient machine, and is present on the LAN. But in wander for communication to succeed, the sending machine offset needs to discover the ethernet MAC address of the intend recipient network interface.This requirement comes about because Ethernet hardware does non (necessarily) understand IPv4 protocols or IPv4 addresses in the sense that Ethernet hardware listens out for relevant Ethernet MAC addresses exactly does not listen out for IPv4 addresses. (An impractical secondary would b e to have all units listen to each Ethernet piece of land and inspect the contents for relevant IPv4 addresses, discarding the piles that are intended for other devices, but this would be very inefficient. ) So ahead sending an IPv4 pile, the sender sends a roadcast message onto the LAN using ARP in set to discover the Ethernet MAC address of some interface that is listening for that desired target IPv4 address. Some appropriate unit replies that it has a network interface with a certain MAC address that is associated with the IPv4 address in question. The original would-be sender now has the information needed and can go ahead and send its IPv4 packet to the destination inserting it into an Ethernet frame with the correct destination MAC address for the appropriate recipient. The senders operating clay also stores the newly discovered MAC address in a table (caches the result).This table of mappings from IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses is retained and consulted again and again , so the ARP discovery procedure only has to be performed one time, when a packet is sent to a new destination IPv4 address. - Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a base level involve and answer protocol that is communicated on the media plan of attack level of the underlying network. ForEthernetsystems, an ARP message is the load of Ethernet packets. ARP therefore operates only across the local link that a host is attached to.Within the modeling of theInternet Protocol Suite, this characteristic makes ARP aLink workprotocol. 2 ARP is also very often discussed in terms of theOpen Systems Interconnect(OSI)networking model, because that model addresses hardware-to-software interfaces more explicitly and is preferred by some equipment manufacturers. However, ARP was not developed based on the design principles and strict encapsulation hierarchy of this model and, therefore, such discussions create a number of conflicts as to the exact operating layer within this m odel.Most often ARP is placed into the info Link Layer(Layer 2), but since it requires the definitions of network addresses of theNetwork Layer, it is not unusual to find it referenced at that layer. An example of use in OSI networking, is ATMARP, used to resolveAsynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)NSAPaddresses in IP over ATM deployments. - Packet structure TheAddress Resolution Protocoluses a simple message format that contains one address resolution request or response.The size of the ARP message depends on the speed layer and lower layer address sizes, which are accustomed by the type of networking protocol (usuallyIPv4) in use and the type of hardware or practical(prenominal) link layer that the upper layer protocol is running play on. The message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is spotless with the operation write in code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts.The principal packet structure of ARP packets is sh confess in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit ambits for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. Hardware type (HTYPE) This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type. Example Ethernet is 1. Protocol type (PTYPE) This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended.For example, Internet Protocol (IPv4) is encoded as 0x0800. Hardware length (HLEN) aloofness (inoctets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6. Protocol length (PLEN) Length (in octets) of alogical addressof the stipulate protocol (cf. PTYPE). IPv4 address size is 4. Operation Specifies the operation that the sen der is performing 1 for request, 2 for reply. vector hardware address (SHA) Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. Sender protocol address (SPA) Upper layer protocol address of the sender. Target hardware address (THA) Hardware address of the intended receiver. This field is ignored in requests.Target protocol address (TPA) Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. ARP protocol controversy values have been standardized and are maintained byIANA Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet bit offset 0 7 8 15 0 Hardware type (HTYPE) 16 Protocol type (PTYPE) 32 Hardware address length (HLEN) Protocol address length (PLEN) 48 Operation (OPER) 64 Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 16 bits) 80 (next 16 bits) 96 (last 16 bits) 112 Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 16 bits) 128 (last 16 bits) 144 Target hardware address (THA) (first 16 bits) 160 (next 16 bits) 76 (last 16 bits) 192 Target protocol address (TPA) (first 16 bits) 208 (last 16 bits) - ARP examine AnA RP probeis an ARP request constructed with an all-zerosender IP address. The term is used in theIPv4 Address Conflict detectionspecification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets. -ARP resolves ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other hosts mapping of a hardware address when the senders IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called agratuitous ARPmessage, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the senders protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the senders hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA).An ARP announcement is n ot intended to solicit a reply instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only svelte after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields. 456 Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise go by if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches.Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to effect load balancing for introduction traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets. ARP announcements can be used to defendlink-localIP addresses in theZeroconfprotocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover withinhigh-availability clusters. - A RP mediation ARP mediationrefers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different resolution protocols are used on six-fold connected circuits, e. . , ATM on one end and Ethernet on the others. - Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP TheInverse Address Resolution Protocol(Inverse ARP or InARP), is a protocol used for obtainingNetwork Layeraddresses (e. g. ,IP addresses) of other thickenings fromData Link Layer(Layer 2) addresses. It is generally used inFrame Relay(DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses ofvirtual circuitsare sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before these virtual circuits can be used.As ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is veritablely implemented as a protocol extension to ARP. It uses the alike(p) packet format from ARP but has different operation codes. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, also translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, while in InARP the requesting station is querying the Layer 3 address of another node, RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes.RARP is now obsolete. It was replaced byBOOTP, which was later superseded by theDynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP). - delegate ARP proxy ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique by which a device on a given network answers theARPqueries for anetwork addressthat is not on that network. The ARP proxy is aware of the location of the traffics destination, and offers its own MAC address in reply, effectively saying, send it to me, and Ill get it to where it needs to go. Serving as an ARP Proxy for another host effectively directs LAN traffic to the Proxy. The captured traffic is then typically routed by the Proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via atunnel. The process which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a different IP address for proxying purposes is sometimes referred to as publishing. - Uses down the stairs are some typical uses for proxy ARP Joining a broadcast LAN withserialgolf links (e. g. ,dialuporVPNconnections).Assume an Ethernet broadcast field of study (e. g. , a group of stations connected to the same hub) using a certain IPv4 address range (e. g. , 192. 168. 0. 0/24, where 192. 168. 0. 1 192. 168. 0. 127 are assigned to wire nodes). single or more of the nodes is anaccess routeraccepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addressses in the range 192. 168. 0. 128 192. 168. 0. 254 for this example, convey a dial-up node gets IP address 192. 168. 0. 254. The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet he access server publishes its own MAC address for 192. 168. 0. 254. Now, when anot her node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192. 168. 0. 254 and find the access servers MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will know to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet. Taking multiple addresses from a LANAssume a station (e. g. , a server) with an interface (10. 0. 0. 2) connected to a network (10. 0. 0. 0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10. 0. 0. 0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. special addresses (say, 10. 0. 0. 230-10. 0. 0. 240) arealiasedto theloopbackinterface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case withVMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environme nts) and published on the 10. . 0. 2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks). On a firewall In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnet. Example- A network (10. 0. 0. 0/8) has a server which should be protected (10. 0. 0. 20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server.In this way the server is put behind a firewall without make any changes to the network at all. Mobile-IP In case ofMobile-IPthe Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual roving nodes address (Care Of Address). Transparent subnet gatewaying A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via arouter. This use is documented inRFC 1027 - AdvantagesThe advantage of Proxy ARP over other networking schemes is simplicity. A network can be extended using this technique without the knowledge of the upstream router. For example, suppose a host, say A, wants to contact another host B, where B is on a different subnet/broadcast domain than A. For this, host A will send anARPrequest with a Destination IP address of B in its ARP packet. The multi-homed router which is connected to both the subnets, responds to host As request with its MAC address instead of host Bs actualMACaddress, thus proxying for host B.In the due course of time, when host A sends a packet to the router which is actually destined to host B, the router just forwards the packet to host B. The communication between host A and B is totally unaware of the router proxying for each other. - Disadvantages Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability (ARP resolution is demand for every device routed in this manner) and reliabil ity (no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments).It should be noted that ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providingredundancyon broadcast networks (e. g. ,Ethernet), most notablyCARPandVirtual Router Redundancy Protocol. Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic.